Age-Related Changes in Tongue Strength and Endurance in Individuals With Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Objective: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent sleep-related breathing disorder often associated with various health complications. This study investigated the impact of age on tongue function in OSA patients. Methods: Study involved 214 participants (48.14 ± 16.29 years) categorised by OSA status (185 non-OSA, 29 OSA) and age groups: young adults (18–39 years), middle-aged (40–59 years) and older adults (> 59 years). Tongue function measures included anterior and posterior maximum isometric pressure (MIPant, MIPpost) and anterior and posterior tongue endurance (Endant, Endpost) using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI). Results: Tongue function was higher in the OSA group compared to the non-OSA group. Significant differences were observed in middle-aged adults for MIPant (p = 0.018, Cohen's d = 0.60) and MIPpost (p = 0.003, Cohen's d = 0.90). Significant differences in tongue endurance were found in younger adults for Endpost (p = 0.004, r = 0.35). Both groups experienced a decline in tongue function in individuals over 59 years, with the non-OSA group showing a significant age-related decline. However, no significant differences in tongue function across ages were found within the OSA group, but medium and large effects were indicated. Conclusion: Age appears to influence tongue strength and endurance in both groups, with OSA patients showing slightly higher values overall. Our findings suggest that reduced tongue function may not be a primary factor in OSA pathophysiology. Further studies are warranted to explore the implications of tongue muscle function in OSA management and intervention strategies.