航空零件製造業化學性危害暴露調查與健康風險評估

本研究為探討航空零件製造業勞工於研磨、噴漆等作業中產生之重金屬粉塵及有機溶劑暴露情形，比較環境監測值與生物偵測值及生物偵測值之間的相關性，評估該行業勞工之致癌風險及非致癌風險，瞭解重金屬粉塵及有機化合物對人體造成之健康危害。 本研究選擇了3間有金屬研磨、噴漆作業等製程的航空零件製造業工廠，以問卷調查收集勞工年齡、吸煙、飲酒習慣等訊息，接著藉由區域及個人空氣採樣方式，採集空氣中的重金屬粉塵及有機化合物。本研究採集勞工下班前之尿液檢體進行生物偵測，空氣中金屬及有機溶劑暴露濃度分別利用感應偶合電漿質譜儀(ICP-MS)及氣相層析質譜儀(GC-MS)進行檢測，而勞工尿液中金屬、有機溶劑代謝物以及氧性傷害指標(8-OHdG)之濃度，則分別使用感應偶合電漿質譜儀(ICP-MS)、高效能液相層析儀(HPLC)及酵素免疫分析法(ELISA)進行分析，以IBM Statistics SPSS 20統計軟體進行統計並進行健康風險評估。 本研究環境空氣中重金屬的暴露濃度以鋁、鋅、鐵、鎳及鉻為主，且暴露組空氣中金屬鋁、鉻、鉛和錫的濃度與對照組空氣中的濃度呈現顯著差異(p-value＜0.05)。尿液中重金屬以鋁、鋅及鉻為主，其中A廠尿中鋅濃度最高(1944.5 μg/L)。從金屬個人空氣樣本濃度與尿液中各代謝物濃度的相關性可得知空氣中金屬銅濃度與尿液中金屬銅濃度呈現顯著之中度相關(r＝0.431，p＜0.05)，空氣中金屬鋅濃度與尿液中金屬鋅濃度則呈現低度相關性(r＝0.256)。 空氣中有機溶劑以A廠的甲苯(24.87ppm)及二甲苯(4.17ppm)為最高。從暴露組與對照組暴露空氣中甲苯及二甲苯的差異性比較，可以得知暴露組空氣中二甲苯之濃度與對照組空氣中二甲苯之濃度呈現顯著差異(p-value<0.05)。尿液中有機溶劑生物標誌以馬尿酸為主。從有機溶劑個人空氣樣本濃度與尿液中各代謝物濃度的相關性可得知空氣中甲苯濃度與尿液中馬尿酸濃度呈現顯著之中度正相關(r＝0.631，p＜0.05)。 各工廠之勞工尿液中氧化性傷害指標(8-OHdG)濃度分析結果，以A工廠中尿液序號AU-30之8-OHdG濃度最高為23130 pg/mL，且有檢測出8-OHdG濃度之尿液樣本均超過容許暴露值5000 pg/ml。從尿液中代謝物濃度與氧化性傷害指標(8-OHdG)濃度的相關性可得知，尿液中金屬鋁濃度與尿液中8-OHdG濃度呈現顯著之低度正相關性(r＝0.282，p＜0.05)，金屬鎳濃度與尿液中8-OHdG濃度呈現低度負相關性(r＝－0.163)，而其他尿液中代謝物濃度與尿液中8-OHdG濃度幾乎無相關性。 本研究之重金屬致癌風險結果中，於C工廠發現有少數樣本金屬鎳之終生致癌風險(LCR)超過職場中可接受之風險(10-3)，如樣本序號6為1.07E-01，部分以研磨與噴漆作業之勞工其非致癌風險已超過職場可接受風險HQ大於1的建議值，如重金屬之非致癌風險結果中，其中C工廠樣本序號6之危害指數甚至大於10，而有機化合物之非致癌風險結果中，A工廠樣本序號24之HI最高為58.249，對人體可能導致不良之健康危害，建議工廠應採取相關工程控制措施，加強通風排氣裝置並定期更換活性碳過濾網，增加其過濾效能，提供勞工作業時配戴適當之呼吸防護具，並建議制定監測計畫追蹤可能發生之危害進行改善避免造成暴露風險，確保勞工之健康與安全。

This study aims to investigate the exposure of workers in the aerospace parts manufacturing industry to heavy metal dust and organic solvents generated during operations such as grinding and painting. It compares the correlation between environmental monitoring values and biological detection values, as well as the correlation among biological detection values. The study evaluates the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks faced by workers in this industry and seeks to understand the health hazards posed to humans by heavy metal dust and organic compounds.This study selected three aerospace parts manufacturing factories with metal grinding, spray painting and other processes, and used questionnaires to collect information on workers' age, smoking, drinking habits, alcohol consumption, and other details. Subsequently, air sampling was carried out using both area and personal sampling methods to collect airborne heavy metal dust and organic compounds. This study collected urine samples from workers before leaving work for biological detection. The exposure concentrations of metals and organic solvents in the air were detected using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. The concentrations of metals, organic solvent metabolites and oxygen damage biomarker (8-OHdG) in workers' urine were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), respectively. The IBM Statistics SPSS 20 statistical software was used for statistics and health risk assessment.In this study, the exposure concentrations of heavy metals in ambient air were primarily aluminum, zinc, iron, nickel, and chromium. Significant differences (p-value < 0.05) were observed between the concentrations of aluminum, chromium, lead, and tin in the air of the exposed group and the control group. The main heavy metals detected in urine were aluminum, zinc, and chromium, with the highest zinc concentration found in urine samples from Factory A (1944.5 μg/L). Correlation analysis between the concentrations of metals in personal air samples and metabolites in urine revealed a significant moderate correlation (r = 0.431, p < 0.05) between copper concentrations in the air and urine, while a low correlation (r = 0.256) was observed between zinc concentrations in the air and urine.The highest organic solvents in the air were toluene (24.87ppm) and xylene (4.17ppm) from Factory A. From the comparison of the differences in toluene and xylene in the air between the exposure group and the control group, it can be known that the concentration of xylene in the air in the exposure group is significantly different from the concentration of xylene in the air in the control group (p-value<0.05). The main organic solvent biomarker in urine is hippuric acid. From the correlation between the concentration of personal air samples of organic solvents and the concentrations of various metabolites in urine, it can be seen that the concentration of toluene in the air and the concentration of hippuric acid in urine show a significant moderate positive correlation (r=0.631, p<0.05).The analysis of the oxidative damage indicator (8-OHdG) concentrations in the urine of workers in each factory shows that the highest concentration of 8-OHdG in urine sample AU-30 from Factory A is 23130 pg/mL, with all urine samples that detected 8-OHdG concentrations exceeded the permissible exposure limit of 5000 pg/mL. From the correlation analysis between metabolite concentrations in urine and 8-OHdG concentrations, it is evident that the concentration of aluminum in urine shows a significant low positive correlation with 8-OHdG concentrations (r = 0.282, p < 0.05), while the concentration of nickel exhibits a low negative correlation with 8-OHdG concentrations (r＝－0.163). The concentrations of other metabolites in urine show almost no correlation with 8-OHdG concentrations.In the carcinogenic risk assessment of heavy metals in this study, it was found that a few samples of nickel in Factory C exceeded the acceptable lifetime cancer risk (LCR) in the workplace (10-3). For instance, sample number 6 had an LCR of 1.07E-01. Additionally, for some workers engaged in grinding and painting operations, their non-carcinogenic risks have exceeded the recommended values with a hazard quotient (HQ) greater than 1. In particular, in the non-carcinogenic risk assessment of heavy metals, the hazard index (HI) of sample number 6 from Factory C even exceeded 10. In the case of organic compounds, the highest hazard index (HI) was 58.249 for sample number 24 from Factory A, which could potentially lead to adverse health effects. It is recommended that factories should implement relevant engineering control measures, enhance ventilation and exhaust systems, regularly replace activated carbon filters to improve filtration efficiency, provide workers with appropriate respiratory protective equipment during operations, and establish monitoring plans to track potential hazards for improvement and avoid exposure risks, ensuring the health and safety of workers.