The Mathematics of optometry - The optometrist's reference for clinical optics equations and calculations, part II

The optometrist possesses a skill-set and educational background that permits him or her to be an expert in the area of primary eye care. Part of this expertise is found in a mastery of optics as they relate to ophthalmic lenses and the prescribing and dispensing of optical devices such as glasses, contact lenses, and low vision aids. This clinical manuscript, which covers astigmatic lenses and lens thickness calculations, is the second in a series reviewing the primary mathematical calculations that are most relevant to the clinical practice of optometry. This series is a summary, and previous learning of the material is assumed. This paper may act as a practical quick reference guide for clinical optics practitioners.