成年初顯期子女知覺父母直升機教養對幸福感之影響：探討基本心理需求之中介效果

本研究旨在了解成年初顯期子女知覺父母直升機教養、基本心理需求 (自主感、勝任感及歸屬感) 與幸福感 (憂鬱、焦慮及生活滿意度) 的現況，以及探討成年初顯期子女知覺父母直升機教養、基本心理需求 (自主感、勝任感及歸屬感) 對個人幸福感 (憂鬱、焦慮及生活滿意度) 之關係，並進一步檢驗基本心理需求 (自主感、勝任感及歸屬感) 之中介歷程。採問卷調查法，以18～25歲的台灣成年初顯期子女為研究對象。本研究正式問卷共回收549份，有效問卷501份，將所得資料以描述性統計、t檢定、變異數分析、Pearson積差相關、線性迴歸與PROCESS等統計方法分析和探討。研究結論歸納如下：一、 父母的直升機教養並非時常顯現，母親比父親有更高程度的直升機教養。二、 不同「性別」的成年初顯期子女，在「直升機教養」、「父親直升機教養」與「母親直升機教養」上有顯著差異，男性比女性知覺較高程度的直升機教養、父親直升機教養與母親直升機教養。三、 不同「家中排行」的成年初顯期子女，在「直升機教養」上有顯著差異，獨生子女比老么知覺較高程度的直升機教養。在「歸屬感」上亦有差異，老大顯著大於中間及獨生子女。四、 不同「目前居住狀況」的成年初顯期子女，在「生活滿意度」上有顯著差異，與父母同住的成年初顯期子女相較不與父母同住者，有更高程度的生活滿意度。五、 不同「父親年齡」的成年初顯期子女，在「基本心理需求」、「自主感」上有顯著差異，父親年齡為40-49歲及50-59歲的成年初顯期子女，相比父親年齡大於60歲以上者，有較高程度的基本心理需求、自主感滿足。六、 不同「母親年齡」的成年初顯期子女，在「父親直升機教養」上有顯著差異，母親年齡為60歲以上的成年初顯期子女，相比母親年齡40-49歲者，知覺較高程度的父親直升機教養。七、 不同「父親教育程度」的成年初顯期子女，在「父親直升機教養」上有顯著差異，父親為大學教育程度的成年初顯期子女，相比父親為國中及高中(職)教育程度者，知覺較高程度的父親直升機教養。八、 父母直升機教養與憂鬱、焦慮呈顯著正相關，與生活滿意度無顯著相關；父母直升機教養與三項基本心理需求呈顯著負相關。三項基本心理需求與憂鬱、焦慮呈顯著負相關，與生活滿意度呈顯著正相關。九、 在線性迴歸中，控制背景變項後，相較父親直升機教養，自主感、勝任感更能顯著負向預測成年初顯期子女的憂鬱、焦慮，並正向預測生活滿意度。而母親直升機教養則能顯著正向預測憂鬱、焦慮及生活滿意度，自主感、勝任感可顯著負向預測成年初顯期子女的憂鬱、焦慮，並正向預測生活滿意度。十、 在中介分析中，自主感、勝任感可正向中介父母直升機教養與憂鬱、焦慮的關係，並負向中介父母直升機教養與生活滿意度的關係，歸屬感則未產生中介效果。

The purpose of this study is to understand the current status of perceived parental helicopter parenting, basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence and relatedness) , and well-being (depression, anxiety and life satisfaction) among emerging adults.Additionally, it explores the relationship between perceived parental helicopter parenting, basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence, and relatedness) , and well-being (depression, anxiety, and life satisfaction) in emerging adults, and further examines the mediating processes of basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence, and relatedness). A questionnaire survey method was employed, targeting Taiwanese emerging adults aged 18 to 25. A total of 549 formal questionnaires were collected, with 501 valid responses. The data were analyzed and discussed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, analysis of variance, Pearson correlation, linear regression, and PROCESS statistical methods. The conclusions of the study are summarized as follows:1. Parental helicopter parenting is not always evident, with mothers exhibiting a higher degree of helicopter parenting than fathers.2. Emerging adults of different genders perceive significant differences in helicopter parenting, paternal helicopter parenting, and maternal helicopter parenting, with males perceiving higher levels of helicopter parenting than females, both from fathers and mothers.3. Emerging adults of different birth orders perceive significant differences in helicopter parenting, with only children perceiving higher levels of helicopter parenting than youngest siblings. There are also differences in relatedness, with eldest siblings significantly higher than middle and only children.4. Emerging adults living in different living conditions show significant differences in life satisfaction, with those living with parents having higher levels of life satisfaction compared to those not living with parents.5. Emerging adults with fathers of different ages show significant differences in basic psychological needs and autonomy, with those having fathers aged 40-49 and 50-59 having higher levels of basic psychological needs and autonomy satisfaction compared to those with fathers over 60 years old.6. Emerging adults with mothers of different ages show significant differences in perceptions of paternal helicopter parenting, with those having mothers aged over 60 perceiving higher levels compared to those with mothers aged 40-49.7. Emerging adults with fathers of different educational levels show significant differences in perceptions of paternal helicopter parenting, with those whose fathers have a university education perceiving more helicopter parenting compared to those with fathers who have junior high school or high school education.8. Parental helicopter parenting is positively correlated with depression and anxiety, and negatively correlated with life satisfaction. It is also negatively correlated with three basic psychological needs. These three basic psychological needs are negatively correlated with depression and anxiety, and positively correlated with life satisfaction.9. In linear regression, controlling for background variables, compared to paternal helicopter parenting, autonomy and competence significantly negatively predict emerging adults' depression and anxiety, and positively predict life satisfaction. Maternal helicopter parenting significantly predicts depression, anxiety, and life satisfaction. Autonomy and competence significantly predict depression and anxiety in emerging adults, and positively predict life satisfaction.10. In mediation analysis, autonomy and competence positively mediate the relationship between parental helicopter parenting and depression and anxiety, and negatively mediate the relationship between parental helicopter parenting and life satisfaction, while relatedness does not produce mediation effects.