金屬零件噴漆作業從業人員有機溶劑職業暴露調查研究

本研究針對機械設備製造業中金屬零件噴漆作業，進行有機溶劑作業環境暴露評估與勞工健康風險評估。透過空氣監測、尿液生物監測及生活習慣問卷等方式，評估勞工暴露甲苯與二甲苯的狀況，並進行非致癌風險指數（HQ/HI）分析，輔以尿中甲苯與二甲苯代謝物濃度、空氣甲苯與二甲苯濃度及勞工生活習慣之間的相關性探討。在三個機械設備製造廠，依廠區噴漆、塗裝、補漆/膠區域分布及勞工作業情形選定採樣點，以勞動部標準分析參考方法1235、1239採集單日區域空氣及個人空氣樣本，以氣相層析質譜儀(GC-MS)分析；生物偵測則以勞動部勞動及職業安全衛生研究所BM006方法採集勞工單日工作下班前尿液檢體，用高效能液相層析儀(HPLC)分析。結果顯示勞工作業區域靠近中央且通風不佳的廠區，噴漆作業環境甲苯濃度偏高，個人樣本最高達78.03 ppm，已超出我國職業暴露容許值1/2PEL（甲苯 PEL-TWA 50 ppm）；其餘個人採樣亦達 5-8 ppm；封膠、補膠區域測得甲苯濃度 24.87 ppm。二甲苯濃度則皆低於PEL-TWA 100 ppm，但部分樣本濃度集中，應關注可能之累積暴露風險。尿液分析結果顯示，暴露組之馬尿酸與甲基馬尿酸濃度普遍高於對照組，與空氣濃度呈高度正相關（甲苯 vs 馬尿酸 R=0.83；二甲苯 vs 甲基馬尿酸 R=0.94），顯示生物監測可有效反映實際暴露程度。非致癌風險評估方面，部分 HI 值大幅超過 1，最高達 15.79，顯示可能存在健康風險。問卷分析顯示吸菸與缺乏運動者的代謝物濃度顯著較高，其他如中藥與貝類攝取等行為亦呈差異，惟未達統計顯著。本研究確認噴漆作業存在有機溶劑過度暴露風險，建議針對高濃度區域強化局部排氣與通風設施，落實個人防護具使用與健康監測，並將生活背景納入判別之參考，提升職業衛生風險管理成效。

This study evaluated occupational exposure to organic solvents and assessed related health risks among workers engaged in metal part painting operations in the machinery manufacturing industry. The exposure levels to toluene and xylene were assessed through environmental air monitoring, urinary biomonitoring, and lifestyle questionnaires. Non-carcinogenic risk indices—Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI)—were calculated, and the correlations among urinary metabolite levels, airborne solvent concentrations, and workers' lifestyle factors were analyzed.Sampling sites were selected in three machinery manufacturing plants based on the distribution of painting, coating, and sealing operations, as well as the actual work tasks of employees. According to the reference methods 1235 and 1239 published by the Ministry of Labor, single-day area and personal air samples were collected and analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). For biological monitoring, workers’ end-of-shift urine samples were collected following Method BM006 issued by the Institute of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health, Ministry of Labor(IOSH), and analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).The results showed that toluene concentrations were higher in painting work areas located near central factory zones with poor ventilation. The highest personal air sample reached 78.03 ppm, exceeding Taiwan’s occupational exposure limit of 1/2 PEL (PEL-TWA for toluene: 50 ppm). Other personal samples ranged from 5 to 8 ppm. In sealing and adhesive application areas, the highest toluene concentration measured was 24.87 ppm. Xylene concentrations were all below the PEL-TWA of 100 ppm, but some samples showed clustered higher values, suggesting potential cumulative exposure concerns.Urinary analysis indicated that concentrations of hippuric acid and methylhippuric acid in the exposed group were generally higher than those in the control group. These metabolite concentrations showed strong positive correlations with airborne solvent concentrations (toluene vs. hippuric acid: R = 0.83; xylene vs. methylhippuric acid: R = 0.94), indicating that biomonitoring effectively reflects actual exposure levels. In terms of non-carcinogenic risk, several HI values significantly exceeded 1, with a maximum value of 15.79, suggesting potential health risks.Analysis of questionnaire data revealed that smokers and workers lacking regular physical activity had significantly higher metabolite levels. Other lifestyle behaviors, such as the use of traditional Chinese medicine and shellfish consumption, showed observable differences between groups, though not statistically significant.This study confirms the risk of excessive organic solvent exposure in painting operations. It is recommended that high-concentration work areas be equipped with enhanced local exhaust ventilation and improved general ventilation. The consistent use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and regular health monitoring should be enforced. Furthermore, lifestyle background information should be incorporated into exposure assessments to enhance occupational health risk management.