年齡和熟悉度對老年人會話之影響

本研究主要目的於探討年齡和熟悉度對一般老年人兩人會話的影響。依據篩選條件，共招募67位研究對象，包括37位65歲以上老年人及30位45至59歲中年人，再依年齡及熟悉度分類四個組別，包括熟悉老年人組別、不熟悉老年人組別、熟悉中年人組別和不熟悉中年人組別。每一組別分別進行10分鐘自然會話，每一組別各完成30組兩人會話，共120組會話。所有會話被錄影作為後續進行會話語料抄錄及編碼，並計算各組別兩人會話話輪和發言角色貢獻差異。本研究顯示：(1)年齡影響兩人會話話輪貢獻差異，達顯著性水準（p < .05），老年人兩人會話的話輪貢獻差異（M = 3.14%）顯著性大於中年人兩人會話的話輪貢獻差異（M = 2.77%）。熟悉度影響兩人會話話輪貢獻差異，未達顯著性水準（p > .05），熟悉老年人兩人會話的話輪貢獻差異（M = 4.10%）大於不熟悉老年人兩人會話的話輪貢獻差異（M = 2.19％）；熟悉中年人兩人會話的話輪貢獻差異（M = 2.65％）無顯著差異於不熟悉中年人兩人會話的話輪貢獻差異（M = 2.89％）。(2)年齡影響兩人會話的發言角色貢獻差異，未達顯著性水準（p > .05），熟悉度影響老年人兩人會話各自扮演三個發言角色情況，熟悉老年人兩人會話扮演「說話者」（M = 17.19%：15.90%）時，同時扮演「會話內容選擇者」（M = 17.55%：15.91%）和「意見提出者」（M = 18.02%：15.44%）。然而，不熟悉老年人兩人會話扮演「說話者」（M = 16.66%：16.23%）時，會由另一位會話參與者扮演「會話內容選擇者」（M = 16.48%：17.08%）和「意見提出者」（M = 16.44%：17.11%）。(3)年齡影響使用「特定訊息」、「確認」和「擴展」等修補策略，且熟悉度影響一般老年人使用「特定訊息」和「擴展」等修補策略。本研究結果將提供國內專業人員和社會民眾與一般老年人會話參考，或為相關會話研究使用者的參照。

The main purpose of this study was to explore the effect of age and familiar of conversation partners on elderly dyadic conversation. According to the different research questions, a total of 67 research participants were recruited, including 37 older adults, aged over 65 years old, and 30 middle-aged adults, aged 45 to 59 years old. They were then classified into four groups according to age and familiarity, including a familiar elderly group, an unfamiliar elderly group, a familiar middle-aged group, and an unfamiliar middle-aged group. Each group had a 10-minutes dyadic conversation and completed, 30 sets of dyadic conversation 120 sets total. All conversation sessions were video-recorded for follow-up transcription and coding. Conversation turns and speaking roles were coded, and were calculated for conversational contribution in each dyadic conversation. This study showed: (1) Age affected the differences of the contributed conversation turns, and reached a significant level（p < .05）, indicating the differences of the contributed conversation turns on elderly dyadic conversation（M = 3.14%) is greater than those on middle-aged dyadic conversation（M = 2.77%）. Familiarity affected the differences of the contributed conversation turns, but has not reached a significant level（p > .05）. The differences of the contributed conversation turns on familiar elderly dyadic conversation（M = 4.10%）is greater than those on unfamiliar elderly dyadic conversation（M = 2.19%）. The differences of the contributed conversation turns on familiar middle-aged dyadic conversation（M = 2.65%）is not significantly different from the differences of the contributed conversation turns on unfamiliar middle-aged dyadic conversation（M = 2.89%）. (2) Age affected the differences of the contributed speaking roles, but has not reached a significant level（p > .05). Familiarity affected the differences of the contributed speaking roles, and each of them simultaneously contributed "animation"（M = 17.19%：15.90%）, "author"（M = 17.55%：15.91%）, and "principal"（M = 18.02%：15.44%）. However, the unfamiliar of elderly conversation dyad contributed "animation"（M = 16.66%：16.23%）while, their conversation partners contributed "author"（M = 16.48%：17.08%）and "principal"（M = 16.44%：17.11%）. (3) Age affected the use of "specification", "confirmation" and "elaboration" repair strategies, and familiarity affected the use of "specification" and "elaboration" repair strategies. The results of this study provide professionals in Taiwan and the general public a reference in conversing with older adults, or a basis for further reference on analyzing conversation.