Development and characterization of a chitosan–xanthan gum–collagen tri-polymer composite with potential application in meniscal tissue engineering

This study aimed to develop and characterize a tri-polymer crosslinked composite composed of chitosan (C), xanthan gum (X), and collagen (Col) for potential application in meniscal tissue engineering. Four different formulations (C1X1Col0.01, C1X1Col0.1, C1X3Col0.01, and C1X3Col0.1) were prepared and subjected to comprehensive characterization, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric/differential thermogravimetric (TGA/DTG) analysis. Additional assessments such as abrasion testing, water contact angle measurements, and in vitro biocompatibility assays were conducted to evaluate surface, thermal, and biological properties. The results demonstrated that increasing the concentrations of xanthan gum and collagen enhanced the surface roughness, hydrophilicity, and thermal stability of the tri-polymer films. Among all compositions, the C1X3Col0.1 formulation exhibited the most favorable characteristics, particularly in wear resistance and wettability. In vitro assays using 3T3-L1 fibroblasts and C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal cells confirmed that the C1X3Col0.1 film significantly improved cell adhesion and proliferation, demonstrating excellent cytocompatibility. Overall, the tri-polymer system developed in this work exhibits stable physicochemical properties and supports cell attachment and growth in vitro, suggesting its potential as a promising biomaterial candidate for future meniscal scaffold and regenerative applications.