旅遊生態安全評量模型之分析

雲嘉南濱海國家風景區由於地形景觀特殊及生態資源豐富，一直是遊客選擇休閒遊憩景點的熱門旅遊目的地。隨著景區的建設以及知名度的提升，旅遊業的發展爲景區帶來經濟效益的同時，亦帶來諸多負面影響，如遊客在旅遊活動中産生的資源消耗及廢棄物排放，加劇景區生態環境的壓力。旅遊的永續發展是環境與自然資源領域之核心議題之一，其中，旅遊生態足跡是衡量旅遊永續發展的重要方法和理論之一。本研究首先應用生態足跡及生態承載力評量2010〜2019年雲嘉南濱海國家風景區的旅遊生態現況；其次，利用旅遊生態赤字、旅遊生態盈餘、旅遊生態壓力指數以及旅遊生態永續指數等旅遊永續評估指標，檢視雲嘉南濱海國家風景區旅遊生態安全狀態及資源利用效率。實證結果顯示：(1)總生態足跡十年中成長了31.46%。而五大類活動足跡當中，以交通生態足跡佔最大宗，其次為休閒活動足跡，而後依次為糧食生態足跡和住宿生態足跡，汙水處理生態足跡佔比最小。(2)在旅遊永續評估指標方面，人均旅遊生態赤字十年間減少17.76%，2019年的旅遊生態壓力指數(EFI)為1.70處於第4等級，旅遊生態永續指數(ESI)為0.40處於第3等級，均意謂著雲嘉南濱海國家風景區現階段生態安全處於不安全狀態。由上述研究結果顯示，雲嘉南濱海國家風景區在旅遊規模擴大後的生態佔用對自然生態系統的壓力已超出生態承載量範圍，若不加以改善會悖離永續發展。

Since there are rich unique landscape, and ecological resources in Southwest Coast National Scenic Area, it has been the most popular recreational attractions for tourists. With the development and the promotion of popularity of Southwest Coast National Scenic Area. However, the development of tourism has brought both economic benefits and negative influence to the scenic area, the consumption of resources and waste discharge generated by tourists have increased the pressure on the ecological environment. The sustainable development of tourism has been the core topic in the field of environment and natural resources. Among them, the tourism ecological footprint is one of the important methods and theories to measure tourism sustainable development. For this study, we first adopted the ecological footprint and ecological capacityto evaluate the ecological conditions of Southwest Coast National Scenic Area from 2010 to 2019. Subsequently, tourism sustainability indicators such as the tourism ecological deficit, tourism ecological remainder, ecological footprint index (EFI), and environmental sustainability index (ESI), were employed to evaluate the ecological security and resource utilization efficiency of Southwest Coast National Scenic Area. The empirical results indicated the following findings: (a) TEF increased by 31.46% over 10 years. Of the 5 footprints measured transport EF accounted for the highest proportion, followed by activity EF, food consumption EF , accommodation EF, and wastewater EF, which accounted for the smallest proportion. (b) Regarding ESI, percapita TED, decline yielding a deficit decreased rate of 17.76% over 10 years. In 2019, the EFI was at Level 4 with 1.70, and the ESI was at Level 3 with 0.40. These results indicate that the current level of ecological security at Southwest Coast National Scenic Area is insufficient. According to the aforementioned results, with the increased scale of tourism to Southwest Coast National Scenic Area , the pressure that ecological occupancy exerted on the national ecosystem exceeded its ecological capacity. The development of Southwest Coast National Scenic Area is likely to deviate from sustainable development if the ecosystem is not improved.