Microbial Dysbiosis in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Importance: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is closely linked to microorganisms, especially intra-tumoral microbiota. However, the role of commensal microbiota in NPC remains underexplored, with implications for understanding disease mechanisms. Objective: This study aims to analyze and compare the bacterial microbiota in the nasopharynx and middle meatus (MM) of individuals with NPC and those without NPC. Additionally, the study seeks to identify potential microbial biomarkers that can distinguish between NPC and non-NPC (nNPC) individuals. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Study conducted in a clinical setting with NPC and non-NPC participants to evaluate microbial diversity relevant to NPC. Participants: Ten NPC cases and 15 non-NPC controls were recruited based on clinical eligibility. Main Outcome Measures: Bacterial microbiota sampling from the nasopharynx and MM was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Microbiota diversity (alpha and beta diversity indices), presence of bacterial taxa with biomarker potential, and prediction model accuracy [area under the curve (AUC)]. Results: Microbiota diversity was significantly lower in NPC patients versus controls. In nasopharyngeal samples, alpha diversity (Chao1 index, P =.02) and beta diversity (PERMANOVA, P =.001) differed notably between groups, though MM samples showed no significant difference (Chao1 index, P =.23). Machine learning identified Pseudomonas, Cutibacterium, and Finegoldia as potential NPC biomarkers (AUC = 0.86). Conclusions and Relevance: This pioneering study highlights dysbiosis in nasopharyngeal microbiota among NPC patients. Findings suggest that Pseudomonas, Cutibacterium, and Finegoldia may be useful biomarkers for NPC diagnosis, warranting further investigation into microbial roles in NPC pathogenesis.