The role of DNA damage and caspase activation in cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of macrophages induced by bisphenol-A-glycidyldimethacrylate

Aim To evaluate the potential toxicological implications of BisGMA on murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7. Methodology Lactate dehydrogenase release, flow cytometry, Western blot and fluorometric assays were used to detect cell viability, mode of cell death and caspase activities, respectively. In addition, alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis and cytokinesis-block micronucleus assays were applied to detect genotoxicity. Statistical analyses were performed using anova followed by the Bonferroni's t-test for multi-group comparisons test. Results BisGMA demonstrated a cytotoxic effect on RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent and a time-dependent manner (P<0.05). BisGMA was found to induce two modes of cell death. The mode of cell death changed from apoptosis to necrosis as the concentrations of BisGMA elevated. Caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9 activities were significantly induced by BisGMA in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). Moreover, BisGMA exhibited genotoxicity via a dose-related increase in the numbers of micronucleus and DNA strand breaks (P<0.05). Conclusions Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by BisGMA are mediated by DNA damage and caspase activation.