Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients with Locally Advanced Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma with or without Kidney Transplantation

Background: The incidence of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is uniquely high in kidney transplant (KT) recipients in Taiwan. The evidence of adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) in UTUC is contradictory. We have sought to determine whether AC is associated with potential benefits related to locally advanced UTUC after KT. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 134 patients with locally advanced UTUC (at least stage T2) and patients who were administrated AC after unilateral or bilateral nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff excision. Of these 134 patients, 57 patients fulfilled our inclusion criteria. We used 23 KT and 34 non-KT locally advanced UTUC patients for comparison. Results: The mean follow-up time was 52.35 ± 34.56 and 64.71 ± 42.29 months for the KT and non-KT groups, respectively. The five-year disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) rates were 45.7% vs. 70.2% and 62.8% vs. 77.6%, for the KT and non-KT groups. The Kaplan–Meier curve and the log rank test revealed significant differences in the DFS and OS rates between the two groups, p = 0.015 and 0.036. The influence of chemotherapy on graft kidney function was mild. Only three in the KT group and two in the non-KT group developed > grade 2 nephrotoxicity. Conclusions: Our study suggested that KT patients with locally advanced UTUC who had been administered AC after surgery presented worse OS and DFS than non-KT patients. KT patients tolerated the AC course well, and their nephrotoxicity levels were mild and acceptable.