台灣中老年人心理幸福感的長期追蹤: 以外向性和神經質人格為預測變項

過去橫斷面的研究指出，外向性和神經質人格為預測心理幸福感有力的變項之一，且年齡、性別及教育程度等人口學變項會影響心理幸福感。然而，過去少數研究人口學變項和人格特質影響心理幸福感成長軌跡的變化程度指出，人口學變項、外向性和神經質人格會影響心理幸福感的成長速率，但成長軌跡的形式和方向未有一致的結果。因此本研究旨在瞭解台灣中老年人人口學變項、外向性和神經質人格特質對心理幸福感的水準和變化程度之影響。本研究原始資料來源為李仁豪教授於2010至2012年國科會計畫中，第一波到第四波台灣地區（含澎湖）中老人長期追蹤樣本，總時長為三年共蒐集四波資料。本研究納入參與至少參加二波者的627位中老年人，採用包含「人格量表」和「心理幸福感量表」為研究工具。所得資料以描述性統計、相關分析和潛在成長模型進行統計分析檢定。研究結果整理如下：1.基線年齡越高者，其平均每波次心理幸福感下降越快速，但年齡不會影響心理幸福感的水準。2.性別不會影響心理幸福感的水準和成長速率。3.教育程度越高的中老年人，其會有較高的心理幸福感的水準。不考慮人格變項的情況下，達.05顯著水準，表示教育程度越高者，隨波次增加的心理幸福感沒有像教育程度較低者這麼多，但在考慮外向性和神經質人格的情況下，未達 .05水準，即教育程度不會影響心理幸福感的成長速率。4.控制基線年齡、性別及教育程度後，外向性人格較高的中老年人，其心理幸福感的水準較高，但心理幸福感的成長速率則不受外向性人格的影響。5.控制基線年齡、性別及教育程度後，神經質越高的人，會有較低的心理幸福感的水準，且平均每波次心理幸福感會上升的更多。最後，依據上述研究的發現，依據研究結果和研究方法提出相關研究建議，以供後續研究和中老年人參考之用。

Previous cross-sectional studies have indicated that extraversion and neuroticism are robust predictors of psychological well-being. Additionally, demographic variables such as age, gender, and education influence psychological well-being. However, few studies have examined how demographic variables and personality traits impact the trajectory of psychological well-being over time. It has been suggested that demographic variables, extraversion, and neuroticism affect the growth rate of psychological well-being, but findings on the form and direction of these trajectories have been inconsistent. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the influence of demographic variables, extraversion, and neuroticism on the level and change of psychological well-being among middle-aged and elderly individuals in Taiwan. The data used in this study were derived from Professor Ren-Hau Li 's National Science Council project conducted from 2010 to 2012, which involved a longitudinal tracking of middle-aged and elderly samples in Taiwan (including Penghu) over four waves spanning three years. The study included 627 participants who completed at least two waves and utilized personality scales and a psychological well-being scale as research instruments. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and latent growth modeling. Findings of the study are summarized as follows:1.Individuals with higher baseline age experience a faster decline in psychological well-being across waves, although age does not affect the level of psychological well-being.2.Gender does not influence the level or growth rate of psychological well-being.3.Among middle-aged and elderly individuals with higher levels of education, there is a higher level of psychological well-being. Without considering personality variables, reaching a significance level of .05 indicates that those with higher education levels do not experience as much increase in psychological well-being across waves compared to those with lower education levels. However, when considering extraversion and neuroticism personality traits, the significance level is not reached at .05, indicating that education level does not affect the rate of growth in psychological well-being.4.Controlling for baseline age, gender, and education level, middle-aged and older adults with higher extraversion have higher levels of psychological well-being, but the growth rate of psychological well-being is not affected by extraversion.5.Controlling for baseline age, gender, and education level, individuals with higher neuroticism tend to have lower levels of psychological well-being, and on average, experience greater increases in psychological well-being per wave.In conclusion, based on these findings, the study proposes recommendations for future research and suggests implications for middle-aged and elderly individuals regarding psychological well-being and its predictors.