典型發展兒童的認知狀態詞彙類別和詞頻與補語之關係

語言障礙兒童有複雜句介入的需求。文獻指出，認知狀態詞彙（Cognitive State Words, CSWs），如「覺得」，經常與補語共現，可用來描述內在狀態與感受。但CSWs與補語結合模式需要進一步被檢驗，以協助語言治療師挑選介入目標與計劃介入方式。本研究之目的為探討5及7歲典型發展兒童結合CSWs和補語之表現，以了解複雜句是否受詞頻或語意類別所影響。　　本研究招募20位5歲及21位7歲典型發展兒童，進行對話和敘事作業。CSWs分為兩種詞頻（高、低）、五種語意類別（認知、溝通、欲求、情緒、知覺），補語包含四種類型（一般片語、一般句子、wh-片語、wh-句子）。　　結果顯示，高頻CSWs較低頻CSWs更容易結合補語，且更常搭配一般補語。此外，雖然對話及敘事中，高頻CSWs結合補語的比例相似，但對話中低頻CSWs結合補語的比例較敘事低。語意類別部分，認知、溝通、知覺CSWs偏好句子補語，欲求CSWs則偏好片語補語，但情緒CSWs無特別偏好。在敘事中，7歲兒童使用欲求CSWs結合一般片語補語，以及使用認知CSWs結合一般句子補語優於5歲兒童，其餘組合無差異。　　兒童使用CSWs及補語受文體、詞頻及語意類別影響。簡單文體及高頻CSWs更能誘發補語，而特定語意類別CSWs也容易誘發特定補語類型。因此，我們建議語言治療師可據此選擇介入目標及介入情境，讓個案兒童的CSWs及補語表達有更多發展支持。

Children with language impairments need help using complex sentences. Cognitive State Words (CSWs), like “think,” often take complements to express thoughts, but how this works is unclear. This study aimed to explore how 5- and 7-year-old typically developing children use CSWs with complements, considering word frequency and semantic categories of CSWs.　　Twenty 5-year-olds and twenty-one 7-year-olds completed conversation and narrative tasks. We categorized CSWs by frequency (high vs. low) and semantic category (cognition, communication, desire, emotion, and perception). Complements included phrasal, sentential, wh-phrasal, and wh-sentential complements.　　Our results showed that compared to low-frequency CSWs, high-frequency CSWs were more likely to combine complements, especially simpler types such as phrasal and sentential complements. Low-frequency CSWs with complements occurred more in conversation than in narratives. Different types of CSWs preferred different complement forms. Compared to 5-year-olds, seven-year-old children were more likely to use desire CSWs with phrasal complements, and cognitive CSWs with sentential complements in narratives.　　Our findings reveal that word frequency and semantic categories of CSWs, along with genre, affect complex sentence use. We suggest that speech-language pathologists consider such lexically-based structural combinations in their intervention planning for target selection and context setting.