The Functional Roles and Regulation of Circular RNAs during Cellular Stresses

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a novel class of regulatory RNA involved in many biolog-ical, physiological and pathological processes by functioning as a molecular sponge, transcrip-tional/epigenetic/splicing regulator, modulator of protein–protein interactions, and a template for encoding proteins. Cells are constantly dealing with stimuli from the microenvironment, and proper responses rely on both the precise control of gene expression networks and protein–protein interactions at the molecular level. The critical roles of circRNAs in the regulation of these processes have been heavily studied in the past decades. However, how the microenvironmental stimulation controls the circRNA biogenesis, cellular shuttling, translation efficiency and degradation globally and/or individually remains largely uncharacterized. In this review, how the impact of major mi-croenvironmental stresses on the known transcription factors, splicing modulators and epitran-scriptomic regulators, and thereby how they may contribute to the regulation of circRNAs, is dis-cussed. These lines of evidence will provide new insight into how the biogenesis and functions of circRNA can be precisely controlled and targeted for treating human diseases.