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慢性心房顫動引發心房組織AnnexinVI之調降-探討心房內肌漿膜上鈣離子調控與電位及收縮重構之可能機轉
Author(s)
陳威良
Wei-Liang
Advisor
黃志楊
Chih-Yang Huang
Abstract
心房纖維顫動(atrial fibrillation)是臨床上心律不整疾病(cardiac rhythm disorders)中很常見的一種問題,其發生率隨年齡增長而上升。心房纖維顫動是消耗社會成本很重的一種心律不整的疾病。心房纖維顫動除了讓病人感覺到心悸及不舒服之外,亦可引起中風及心力衰竭。心房纖維顫動時,心房心肌細胞之有效不反應期(effective refractory period) 縮短及動作電位間期(action potential duration)縮短,即是心房電位重構(Electrical remodeling)的重要表現。心房纖維顫動亦被視為心房之擴張心肌病變,其主要表現為心房擴大及心房無收縮功能 (contractile remodeling)。最近的研究顯示,心房心肌細胞的不正常鈣處置 (Calcium handling)是導致心房之電位重構的重要因素。心房顫動一旦引發往往易變成慢性心房顫動,並且對心律不整的藥物無反應,此一現象和心房電位重構發生極為有關。電生理研究顯示, 慢性心房纖維顫動時,心房心肌細胞之不正常鈣處置,主要源自心肌細胞肌漿膜(sarcolemma),以及心肌細胞肌漿網(sarcoplasmic reticulum)之鈣處置蛋白質(calcium handling proteins)表現異常,例如肌漿網ryanodine受體釋放Ca2+ (ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ release channel)以及L型鈣流(ICa-L)的降低。因此,降低心房電位收縮重構將是預防減少心房纖維顫動的發生,及心房纖維顫動變成永久性的重要課題。Annexins是唯一具有鈣離子和磷脂結合蛋白家族的成員之一(Ca2+/phospholipid-binding proteins),主要的表現特徵經由鈣依賴型結合到磷脂質上,發現在不同的哺乳動物組織中。 Annexins 具有13種異構體(isoforms),且 Annexins Ⅵ 大量的存在心臟組織中。 Annexin Ⅵ 位於大鼠,牛和天竺鼠心臟中肌纖維膜及心肌細胞的間盤中。最近的研究顯示, Annexin Ⅵ 在調控心臟肌漿膜中Na+/Ca2+交換蛋白、L型鈣離子通道及肌漿網 ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ release channel 的活性上扮演重要的角色。 Annexin VI 在高血壓及心臟衰竭患者中參與鈣離子調控及心室重構作用(ventricular remodeling),此種現象與心臟的重構作用之間有重要的關係。在轉殖基因動物模式研究結果顯示, Annexin VI 在心臟組織中過度表現,會造成轉殖基因鼠心臟擴張和減少體內鈣離子濃度及降低肌肉細胞的收縮。在基因缺陷動物模式中的觀察,研究結果顯示,將小鼠 Annexin VI knockout 之後導致肌肉細胞收縮力增加,及心臟快速的舒張使鈣離子從細胞質釋放出來。這些結果發現,在心臟衰竭末期的患者中, Annexin VI調控降低與 Annexin VI 減弱的心肌細胞的收縮力有一致性。目前 Annexin VI 功能仍是未知,而且 Annexin VI 在人類心房心肌細胞的作用至今尚未作過探討。特別是對於心房纖維顫動,幾乎是一個未探索的新領域。在我們的研究中,我們將接受心臟手術病人分成兩組,一組為心率正常 (34個病人),另一組為慢性心房顫動(20個病人),在心臟手術中我們將取下一部分左右心耳組織,利用Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Extraction and Reverse Transcription (RT)、Polymerase Chain Reaction、 Western blotting 以及Immunohistochemistry等方法,來探討Annexin VI在人類心房組織的表現及細胞分佈,並進一步探討其作用之target site是否在L-type calcium channel/sodium-calcium exchanger 上。本研究證實:(1)在嚴重心血管疾病的病人當中,慢性心房顫動與Annexin VI的調降有密切的相關性。(2)根據在co-localization實驗的結果我們推測Annexin VI對於心房顫動的起始與維持,主要是透過調控肌漿膜上的鈣離子平衡。
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia encountered in clinical setting. AF is characterized by shortened action potential duration, loss of rate adaptation (electrical remodeling) and atrial contractile dysfunction (contractile remodeling). Abnormal Ca2+ handling has been implicated as a major player in atrial fibrillation (AF)-related electromechanical remodeling. Annexins A6 are important intermediates for the Ca2+ signal, regulating the function of other proteins involving Ca2+ homeostasis. They are abundant in the mammalian heart and might play a role in atrial remodeling and altered Ca2+ cycling in AF. However, the alternations and subcellular location of annexin VI during AF remained unclear. Atrial appendages were obtained during coronary artery bypass grafting from 20 patients with chronic AF and 34 matched controls in sinus rhythm (SR). The expression and distribution of Annexin VI were analyzed using semiquantitative RT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunoconfocal microscopy. In the AF group, compared to SR, the mRNA was reduced to < 35% and the protein to < 50% in amount (for each atrium, all p < 0.01). Immunoconfocal microscopy confirmed the downregulation of Annexin VI protein in AF and demonstrated the co-localization of Annexin VI with both Na+/Ca2+ exchangers and L-type Ca2+ channels in the sarcolemma, but not with ryanodine receptors in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. In patients with severe, multistenotic coronary artery disease, atrial Annexin VI is down-regulated during chronic AF. This reduction together with the sarcolemmal co-localization of Ax6 with Na+/Ca2+ exchangers and L-type Ca2+ channels suggest that Annexin VI may participate initiation and maintenance of AF via regulation of calcium homeostasis at the site of sarcolemma.
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