Effects of diesel vehicle emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the surrounding environment and residents

Ten stations alongside major thoroughfares were selected as exposure sites, while a small village located about 3 kilometers away from a main traffic route was selected as the control site. The concentrations of particulate matters with aerodynamic less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and elemental carbon (EC) at exposure sites were both higher than those at the control site. Daytime mean concentrations of total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (t-PAHs), carcinogenic PAHs (car-PAHs), and Benzo(a)pyrene-equivalent dose (BaPeq) at exposure sites were all about twice as high as those at the control site. A significant relationship between t-PAHs and EC was found, suggesting that most of the t-PAHs at exposure sites were contributed by diesel exhaust. Furthermore, the diagnostic ratios also show that diesel emissions were the dominant sources of PAHs at exposure sites. A multiple linear regression was applied to urinary 1-hydroxyprene (1-OHP) using four variables (exposure status, sex, smoker status, and incense burning) as independent variables. The results showed that the concentrations of 1-OHP in exposure groups were significantly (p < 0.001) higher than those in the control group. The explainable percentage for exposure status was 91.1%, indicating that the exposure factor, in comparison with other factors, has a dominant contribution to the concentration of 1-OHP. After subtracting the background levels of 1-OHP, the levels of urinary 1-OHP for residents exposed to the exhaust of 100 vehicles were about 0.062 μg/g creatinine.