Fu-Shun YenJung-Nien LaiJames Cheng-Chung WeiLu-Ting ChiuChih-Cheng HsuMing-Chih HouChii-Min Hwu2026-01-302026-01-302021-06-1210.1186/s12876-021-01773-xhttps://scholars.csmu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/4200<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec> <jats:title>Background</jats:title> <jats:p>Insulin is highly recommended for diabetes management in persons with liver cirrhosis. However, few studies have evaluated its long-term effects in these persons. We conducted this study to compare the risks of mortality, liver-related complications, and cardiovascular events in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and compensated liver cirrhosis.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Methods</jats:title> <jats:p>From January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2012, we selected 2047 insulin users and 4094 propensity score-matched nonusers from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database. Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the risks of outcomes.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Results</jats:title> <jats:p>The mean follow-up time was 5.84 years. The death rate during the follow-up period was 5.28 and 4.07 per 100 person-years for insulin users and nonusers, respectively. In insulin users, the hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of all-cause mortality, hepatocellular carcinoma, decompensated cirrhosis, hepatic failure, major cardiovascular events, and hypoglycemia were 1.31 (1.18–1.45), 1.18 (1.05–1.34), 1.53 (1.35–1.72), 1.26 (1.42–1.86), 1.41 (1.23–1.62), and 3.33 (2.45–4.53), respectively.</jats:p> </jats:sec><jats:sec> <jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title> <jats:p>This retrospective cohort study indicated that among persons with T2DM and compensated liver cirrhosis, insulin users were associated with higher risks of death, liver-related complications, cardiovascular events, and hypoglycemia compared with insulin nonusers.</jats:p> </jats:sec>[SDGs]SDG3journal-article