YUN-CHING CHANGKUEI-CHUAN CHANYI-JU LEE2026-10-162026-10-162011-09-01Pure ID: 14934502Pure UUID: 98b739fa-fcc3-4628-a060-38de708c854910.1016/j.eujim.2011.08.008https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/80054861064https://scholars.csmu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/24682Aim of the study: This study was aimed to investigate the antitumor effect of Nelumbo nucifera Leaf extract (NLE) on human MCF-7 cell line in vitro and in vivo. Materials and methods: Qualitative analysis showed that NLE contained several compounds, including polyphenols, based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. We utilized flow cytometry, Western blot analysis, and immunoprecipitation assays to explore the inhibitory effect of NLE on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Furthermore, the tumoricidal effect of NLE was further measured using a xenograft nude mouse model. Results: The polyphenols identified in NLE consisted primarily of gallic acid, rutin, and quercetin. Cell-cycle analysis revealed that MCF-7 cells treated with NLE were arrested at the G0/G1 phase (approximately 86.54%). With western blotting, we found that treatment with NLE particularly induced p53 phosphorylation and p21 expression, and down-regulated expression of cyclins and cdks, which was responsible for the high protein expression of RB/E2F. Inactivation of fatty acid synthase (FAS) implied that FAS was a potent regulator as well of NLE-mediated anti-carcinogenesis. In our in vivo analysis, treatment with NLE (0.5 and 1%) effectively reduced tumor volume and tumor weight in mice inoculated with MCF-7 cells compared to the control samples. Conclusions: These results confirmed that cell-cycle arrest was sufficient to elicit tumor regression following NLE treatment. Overall, our studies indicated that NLE has an antitumor activity and significant potential as a chemotherapeutic agent.enjournal article