Tzu-Hsuan LeeMeng-Che WuMing-Hung LeePei-Lun LiaoChieh-Chung LinJames Cheng-Chung Wei2026-02-032026-02-032023-09-1310.1038/s41598-023-42207-whttps://scholars.csmu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/4823<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The relationship between <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori</jats:italic> infection and rheumatoid arthritis has been investigated, but the results remain controversial. This study aims to determine the association between the two diseases via a 17-year retrospective cohort study. Using the National Health Insurance Research Database, a nationwide population based in Taiwan, we identified 97,533 individuals with <jats:italic>H. pylori</jats:italic> infection and matched controls between 2000 and 2017 using propensity score matching at a 1:1 ratio. The adjusted hazard ratio of rheumatoid arthritis was determined by multiple Cox regression. The incidence rate of rheumatoid arthritis was 1.28 per 10,000 person-months in the <jats:italic>H. pylori</jats:italic> cohort, with a higher risk compared to the control group. In the &lt; 30 years old subgroup, the risk was highest, especially in women &lt; 30 years old with <jats:italic>H. pylori</jats:italic> infection. Patients with &lt; 1 year follow-up showed 1.58 times higher susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis. Individuals with follow-ups of 1–5 years and over 5 years demonstrated 1.43 and 1.44 times higher risks of rheumatoid arthritis, respectively. Our study showed <jats:italic>H. pylori</jats:italic> infection was associated with the development of rheumatoid arthritis. Clinicians should note higher risk, especially &lt; 30 years old. More research needed to understand underlying mechanism.</jats:p>[SDGs]SDG3journal-article