YEN-HUI LIN2026-10-162026-10-162020-10-01Pure ID: 15350546Pure UUID: 3b797cd1-baeb-41ef-b801-55af5db4c65010.1016/j.apergo.2020.103151https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85084950391https://scholars.csmu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/31876This study examines the effects of ground surface, load, one- and two-wheeled wheelbarrow on muscular activities, hand force, and subject-perceived exertions while pushing a wheelbarrow in a straight line on a horizontal surface. The experimental results show that wheelbarrow load significantly affected muscular activities, hand force, and subject-perceived exertion. Additionally, different ground surfaces and wheelbarrow types also affected the muscular activities of the dominant hand; grass generated the highest muscle load and asphalt pavement generated the smallest muscle load. The user has to apply 57% and 23% more force in the vertical and horizontal direction while pushing one-vs. two-wheeled wheelbarrow. Muscular activity increased significantly in the dominant hand with the one-wheeled wheelbarrow compared with the two-wheeled wheelbarrow, suggesting that, in terms of muscle loads, the two-wheeled wheelbarrow is better than the one-wheeled wheelbarrow.enjournal article