KAI-LUN CHENG2026-10-162026-10-162026-01-01Pure ID: 15463156Pure UUID: 887a4a4e-901b-4731-a3f9-c01c34ad7bfc10.1080/02656736.2025.2606698https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105028833977https://scholars.csmu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/24035Treatments for secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT/THPT) remain significant challenges in patients with end-stage renal disease. Thermal ablation (TA) has emerged as a minimally invasive, safe, and effective alternative to surgical resection (SR). However, technical variations and a lack of standardization have limited its widespread adoption. To address these challenges, an international expert panel developed consensus recommendations using a modified Delphi method, integrated with a systematic literature review. As a result, sixteen recommendations were formulated, addressing diagnosis, preoperative preparation, technical procedures, postoperative management, follow-up strategies, efficacy assessment, and complications associated with TA for SHPT/THPT. These recommendations aim to promote standardized treatment protocols, improve procedural safety, and provide evidence-based guidance for clinical practice and future research in ultrasound-guided TA for SHPT/THPT management.enjournal article